effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on Trichomonas Tenax and Entamoeba Gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis

Statement of the Problem: Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis are commensal protozoa which inhabit the human oral cavity. These parasites are found in patients with poor oral hygiene and might be a reason for progressive periodontal diseases

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on the frequency of these protozoa in saliva and plaque samples

Materials and Method: In this clinical trial, samples of saliva and dental plaque were collected from 46 patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy. The samples were assessed for the frequency of parasites

Results: The frequency of Entamoeba gingivalis was reduced in saliva [p= 0.007] and plaque [p= 0.027] three weeks after the treatment. Likewise, the frequency of Trichomonas tenax reduced in saliva [p= 0.030]; however, the decrease was not significant in plaque [p= 0.913]. Trichomonas tenax frequency in dental plaque directly related to the severity of periodontitis [r= 0.565, p

Conclusion: Nonsurgical periodontal treatment could reduce the number of Trichomonas Tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis in the oral environment of patients with chronic periodontitis

Pattern of human hydatic cyst in the province of Yazd, Iran [2006-2011]

Background and Aims: hydatidosis is a major health problem caused by larva stage of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus granulosus with a cosmopolitan distribution. Zoonoses have a mountain side distribution in Iran. Echinococcus granulosus takes places in two models; sylvatic and domestic. Both lifecycles are present in Iran and human is considered as an afferent host. The prevalence rate of hydatidosis is different, ranging from 1-220 cases in 100000 individuals and mortality rate of hydatidosis up to 2-4%. The aim of the present study was to explore the frequency of human hydatic cyst in Yazd province, Iran from 2006 to2011

Materials and Methods: this is a retrospective study applied through census for five years which investigated all of the profiles concerned with surgeries

Results: a total of 26911 surgeries were performed on individuals for five years; 12 cases [0.045%] were infected with hydatic cyst out of which 9 cases [75%] were affected through liver, 1 case [33.34%] through pulmonary, 1 case [33.33%] through intestine and 1 case [33.33%] through cerebellum. 50% of the infected individuals were females. Morbidity age was 8-69 years, 7[66.67%] cases who were infected with Echinococcus granulosus were natives and 5 cases [33.33%] were non-natives. Among non-native individuals 2 cases were foreigners

Conclusions: Yazd province is a dry area and the desert cycle of Echinococcus granulosus is present in it. Jackals and wolves act as final hosts and goats and camels are the intermediated hosts. Based on the findings compared with those in other areas, the prevalence rate in these areas are similar requiring more control in using water, beverages, fruits and vegetables

Comparison of trace elements of zinc and copper between children with giardiasis and healthy

Background and Aims: giardia lamblia infection is a common cause of food and water-borne diarrhea in non-sanitary communities. Infections are common in children, particularly in child-care centers, backpackers, travelers, and homosexuals. Zinc is necessary for the immune system functions. Zinc deficiency is associated with acute diarrhea. Copper is essential for the production of red blood cells, hemoglobin formation and absorption of iron, and for the activity of various enzymes. However, the association between trace elements and Giardiasis has rarely been investigated. The aim of this experiment was comparison of trace elements of zinc and copper between children with Giardiasis and healthy

Materials and Methods: the study was carried out between 30 children with Giardiasis and 30 children of control group. It was undertaken in both children aged 3 to 10 years without any history of Giardiasis and children with symptomatic Giardiasis. The hematological examination was performed. Serum zinc and copper levels were measured. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 19 statistical software

Results:. zinc levels in the study group was remarkably lower than the control group [68.94 vs. 153.99 microg/dl, p=0.001]. In addition, there was a significant difference in serum copper levels between case [309.27 microg/dl] and control [253.19 microg/dl] groups [p=0.003]

Conclusion: giardiasis elevated the serum copper levels, while it decreased the serum zinc

Effects of obstructive sleep disorfers on dental growth in children: a case control study

Obstructive sleep disorders and their effects on dental and maxillofacial growth has long been debated. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy as the most common cause of Obstructive sleep disorders with its consequent impact on dental growth has recently gained greater attention and its treatment may help prevent or reverse these effects. In this corss-sectional study 120 children were enrolled. 60 patients assigned to undergo adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep disorders were compared with 60 children without obstructive sleep disorders. Both groups were matched in terms of gender and age. Dental casts and measurements with caliper were used. Crowding of upper and lower teeth, anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, overjet, class II malocclusion, width of upper and lower dental arches were documented and compared. Differences were found in crowding of upper and lower teeth, anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, overjet, class II malocclusion and width of upper and lower dental arches. This study suggests the effects of obstructive sleep disorders on dental growth, probably due to the long term impact of the position of the head, mandible and tongue to keep the airway open in oral breathing

[Pathogens of suppurative chronic otitis media [SCOM] in Iran]

Chronic suppurative otitis media is still highly prevalent in our country. The most common symptoms are otorrhea and hearing loss. Result of common microorganisms are with an amount of variation within different countries. The present study was conducted to find out common various microorganisms associated with SCOM patients and current antimicrobial susceptibility pattern as a guide to therapy. This study was done at Booali and Milad Hospital in Tehran between 2001-2003. This descriptive study was done on ear secretions of 940 patients [1000 discharging ears]. All patients were evaluated through detailed history, clinical examination, schuller's view and P.T.A. Secretion samples were collected from discharging ear [s] and cultured in blood agar, MC conkey and SOA. Drug sensitivity test of isolated bacteries was done Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus were commonest in the same of 17% in secretions. Aspergilus niger [12%], proteous mirabilis [8%], klebsiella pneumoniea [8%] were in text steps. Tubramycin [100%], Ceftizidim [98%], cyprofluxacin [93%], Gentamycin [75%] were effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amikasin, gentamycin, Vancomyein, chloramphenicol. cephalothin, Erythromycin and cotrimoxazol were 100% effective against staph aureous. Cyprofluxacin was 97% effective against staph aureous. We suggest culture and antibiogram for draining ear and if not possible, its better to use antibiotics that are effective for commonest patogens [Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus]. Ciprofluxacin is a good antibiotic for management of SCOM. It is effective and more safe than other effective antibiotics like aminoglycosides

[Comparison of systemic and local corticosteroids on the clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis]

Corticosteroids are used for the management of allergic rhinitis. We compared the efficacy of systemic and local corticosteroid in symptom relief and serum IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. A randomized experimental study design, [clinical trial] was used. 86 patients with a history of perennial allergic rhinitis were selected and randomly divided in two groups. For the first group systemic corticosteroids were given in the form of prednisolone tablet 5mg twice daily, [10mg/day], tapered every 3 days. For the second group, Beclomethasone nasal spray 50 micro g/puff was administered twice daily as two puffs in each nostril for three weeks. Rhinorrhea, nose and eye itching, sneezing, nasal obstruction and serum IgE before and after treatment, [3weeks] were evaluated and compared. We found a significant decrease in serum IgE in both groups but the decrease was more marked with systemic corticosteroids [P<0.05]. After therapy the percentage of sneezing and eye itching decreased significantly in the systemic corticosteroid group and percentage of rhinorrhea decreased significantly in the local corticosteroid group. Pre and post intervention evaluations showed improvement in all symptoms in systemic corticosteroid group and all symptoms except eye itching in local corticosteroid group. The result of this comparative study showed that systemic corticosteroids are more efficient in improvement of sneezing and eye itching but local corticosteroids may have a better efficacy in the improvement of nasal obstruction

Effect of local bupivacaine infiltration on post-tonsillectomy pain

Tonsillectomy is still one of the most common surgeries in the world which is accompanied by severe pain post-operatively. Although analgesic drugs are used orally or parenterally to control post-tonsillectomy pain, it is still one of the complications of this procedure especially in adults. Regarding the controversy in the role of injection of local analgesic drugs in tonsillectomy and the high prevalence of this procedure, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of local bupivacaine infiltration, as an analgesic drug on pain after tonsillectomy in patients older than 9 years of ages. A double-blind experimental clinical trial was performed during a 3-year-period of time. One hundred and seven patients over 9 years old who were candidates for tonsillectomy because of recurrent tonsillitis [more than 6 times in a year or more than 3 times for at least two consecutive years], were selected. All patients underwent tonsillectomy by dissection/snare technique, and suturing the bleeding sites. The method of anesthesia was similar in all individuals. For each patient, 5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into one tonsil, as the case, and 5 ml of normal saline was injected into the other one, as the control. Neither the surgeon nor the patient was aware of the content of these two injectable materials. The type of material was randomly selected for each tonsil. The intensity of post-tonsillectomy pain at each side was measured 4, 8, and 24 hours and one week post-operatively by numeric pain intensity scale [NPS] in 107 patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and paired t-test with 95% confidence interval. This study showed that the difference in the mean level of post-tonsillectomy pain was significant between the case and the control groups regardless of age [p < 0.001 for 4, 8 and 24 hours and p < 0.1 for a week postoperatively]. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean level of pain after tonsillectomy among the male patients regardless of age between the two groups 4, 8 and 24 hours, postoperatively [p < 0.001]. This difference was not significant one week after surgery [p < 0.02].In females, the difference in the mean level of post-tonsillectomy pain regardless of age was statistically significant between the two groups in four different times of evaluation[p < 0.02]. To reduce the post-tonsillectomy pain, 5 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine solution can be injected into the tonsillar bed 5 minutes preincisionally